How we work

For decisive facts, we return to original studies, data and reports. A news story can start an investigation. Whether it supports the conclusion is a question for the source. A lab report is initially its publisher's account; independent confirmation is identified as such.

We describe the conditions under which a result was obtained, including tools, resources and human contributions. We then explain the mechanism connecting the observed result to a possible consequence. Where we reason beyond the data, that inference remains visible.

Each substantial essay addresses the objection most capable of changing its thesis. New evidence can narrow or overturn a position. We visibly correct factual errors on our corrections page.